r.i.c.e.

The Government of India's Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana, launched in 2016 in order to promote the use of clean cooking fuel to villagers by subsidizing liquid petroleum gas (LPG) connections, and thus reduce exposure to "harmful" indoor air pollution, has mainly helped the rural elite, according to  a recent survey by r.i.c.e., cited in this article.  Poor households are more likely to have received LPG through Ujjwala. They may be "less likely to get a refill immediately after a cylinder becomes empty" and use solid fuels which cause pollution, for cooking, because "refilling a cylinder costs almost half the average monthly per-capita expenditure" of a poor household.   Read more...