r.i.c.e.

This study investigates differences in reported open defecation between a question about latrine use or open defecation for every household member, and a household-level question. Rural India is home to most of the world’s open defecation. India’s Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) 2015-2016 estimates that 54% of households in rural India defecate in the open. This measure is based on a question asking about the behavior of all household members in one question. Yet, studies in rural India find substantial open defecation among individuals living in households with latrines, suggesting that household-level questions underestimate true open defecation.

In 2018, we randomly assigned latrine-owning households in rural parts of four Indian states to receive one of two survey modules measuring sanitation behavior. 1,215 households were asked about latrine use or open defecation individually for every household member. 1,216 households were asked the household-level question used in India’s DHS: what type of facility do members of the household usually use?

We compare reported open defecation between households asked the individual-level questions and those asked the household-level question. Using two methods for comparing open defecation by question type, the individual-level question found 20 to 21 (95% CI 16 to 25 for both estimates) percentage points more open defecation than the household-level question, among all households, and 28 to 29 (95% CI 22 to 35 for both estimates) percentage points more open defecation among households that received assistance to construct their latrines.

Because reducing open defecation in India is essential to meeting the Sustainable Development Goals, and exposure to open defecation has consequences for child mortality and development, it is essential to accurately monitor its progress.

This study was carried out in collaboration with 3ie, IFMR Lead, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

Questionnaires and data are available here: Measurement study.